The Impact of Biotechnology on Animals
a journey through the lives of animals and how they benefit humans...
RELATED LINKS
The site provides information on the discovery of the structure of DNA and the scientists involved
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The site is overseen by the University of Guelph and supports the production of Enviropigs. It informs readers on the enviornmental benefits and the history of the Yokshire pigs.
The Roslin University provides information on the life of Dolly and the purpose the sheep served.
From History to motives and regulations, this website has all the information regarding animals. It is very effective in explaining the role of biotechnology on certain organisms
the site descriptevly explains"timeline of medical biotechnology"Easily navig-able, the website provides information on all products that animals have helped ot produced.
5000 BCE- 2000 BCE: scientists apply traditional agriculture methods to enrich animal products. ex- bread is first leavened and selective breeding
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1951: artificial insemination of livestock using frozen semen. The discovery of DNA was still 13 years in the future, however scientists used trial and errors to combine traits- the end result being the Santa Getrudis Bull
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1990: The first transgenic dairy cow produces milk for infant formula. Chy-Maxâ„¢, an artificially produced form of the chymosin enzyme for cheese-making, is introduced. It is the first product of recombinant DNA technology in the U.S. food supply. First transgenic vetebrate is created: a trout
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Impact of Biotechnology on Animal Agriculture
1997: Dolly the Sheep becomes the first sheep to be cloned using adult cells.When she is euthanased in 2003, nearly six years after her birth, concern raise about wheather she her progressive lung disease was the cause of her being a clone; such claims, have never been confirmed.
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2003-PRESENT
2003: Human-animal chimeras are created when the researchers are succesfully able to grow "humanized" organs in sheeps. The research team, creates the sheep as 15 percent human and 85 percent animal cells. The team develops a liver that had a large porportion of human cells-as an attempt to use it for human organ transplantion
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1973: American geneticists Stanley Cohen and biochemist Herbert Boyer remove a specific gene from one bacterium and insert it into another using restriction enzymes.Recombinant techniques are now possible
1981: The first transgenic organism is created by introducing the genes of another animal into a mice. Scientists now, demonstrated that such foreign genes could be passed on to the next generation. Researchers tested with genes that eventually led to a faulty liver as well as a healthy one
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1984: The first "geep" is created. First performed in Australia and later California University of Davis. Those portion contaning sheep DNA will be wool, while those containing goat DNA, will be hair. It is impossible to produce more geep by simple breeding
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1999: Geneticists in Massachusetts clone three goats with genes that had been altered to produce a protein, capable of treating heart attacks and strokes. The protein is much more effective and less expensive than Antithrombin III, which is also used to treat heart attacks.
From the beginning of 21st century to the present, animal biotechnology has made very rapid progess. Such life-altering creations have been developed, that were not previously possible without the aid of biotechnology. Examples of some projects include
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Researchers at the University of Georgia successfully clone a cow from the cells of a dead cow
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Human cells are succesfully transmited to mouse brains
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A team of scientists create 3 glow in the dark cats
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The Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology at London's Hammersmith Hospital attempts to introduce human genes into pigs
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over 150 human-hybrid cow embryos are created
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University of Osaka attempts to create genetically modified mice that tweet like birds
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Craig Venter creates the world's first "synthetic life form"
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the succesfull introduction of human genes into cows produce human breast milk
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the first genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis C is developed
THE FIRST SYNTHETIC LIFE FORM
Since 5000 BCE, scientists have applied various techniques on animals to enhance their productivity and to ultimately benefit the human society. Such techniques were predominantly used to enrich the production of meat, milk and eggs. Modern animal biotechnology not only focuses on increasing the efficiency of food products, but also on the production of animal medicinal products, diagnostic tools, etc. The transformation of animal biotechnology occurred in 1953, when James Watson and Francis Crick presented their double-helix model of DNA. Further advancements included the discovery of restriction enzymes in the 1960s and the transfer of gene from one bacterium to another in 1973. As a result, these progressions led animal biotechnology to be based on the science of genetic engineering. Human food safety, animal welfare and religious issues are some of the controversial topics that are the cause of debates among scientists, researchers and the public. Because market success of future products rely on the acceptance of the consumers, animal biotechnology cannot progress without the approval of the public.
CITATION 1
1953: American biochemist James Watson and British biophysicist Francis Crick present their double-helix model of DNA. Such a discovery opens new opportunities for transgenics, and cloning
TIMELINE
BACKGROUND
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HUMAN MOUSE MODELS FOR HEPATITIS C